The Roman Empire was one of the most powerful and influential civilizations in history, spanning from 27 BC to AD 476 in the West. It was known for its remarkable achievements in governance, engineering, and culture, which laid the foundation for modern Western society. At its height, the empire encompassed vast territories across Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. The Pax Romana, a period of relative peace and stability, allowed for economic prosperity and the flourishing of arts and sciences, making the Roman Empire a pivotal force in shaping the ancient world.